AC Cooling Conversion: 1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h | Essential for HVAC sizing and cooling capacity calculations

BTU to Tons Converter

Accurate conversion between BTU (British Thermal Units) and tons of refrigeration for HVAC system sizing, air conditioning capacity, and cooling load calculations.

1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h | Default: 2 decimal places

Conversion Factor

1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h (BTU per hour) | 1 BTU/h = 8.33333×10⁻⁵ Tons

BTU/h
tons

Precision: 2 Decimal Places | Formula: Tons = BTU/h ÷ 12000

Common HVAC Cooling Capacities

BTU and Tons of Refrigeration

Understanding these essential units for HVAC system sizing, air conditioning capacity, and cooling load calculations.

The Conversion Formula

BTU to Ton Conversion

1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h (British Thermal Units per hour)
1 BTU/h = 1/12000 Tons ≈ 8.33333×10⁻⁵ Tons
Tons = BTU/h ÷ 12,000
BTU/h = Tons × 12,000

Example Calculation 1:

Convert 24,000 BTU/h to tons:

Tons = BTU/h ÷ 12000

Tons = 24000 ÷ 12000

Tons = 2 (with 0 decimal places)

Example Calculation 2:

Convert 1.5 tons to BTU/h:

BTU/h = Tons × 12000

BTU/h = 1.5 × 12000

BTU/h = 18000 (with 0 decimal places)

Note: These conversions are standard for residential and commercial HVAC systems (US customary units)

When to Use This Conversion:

  • Sizing residential air conditioning units
  • Calculating commercial HVAC system capacity
  • Estimating cooling loads for buildings
  • Comparing AC unit specifications from different manufacturers
  • Designing refrigeration systems for cold storage
  • Understanding HVAC contractor quotes and equipment ratings

About the Units

BTU/h (BTU per Hour)

A unit of power that measures the rate of heat transfer or cooling capacity. One BTU is the amount of heat needed to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

Common Equivalents:

  • 1 BTU/h ≈ 0.293 watts
  • 12,000 BTU/h = 1 ton of refrigeration
  • 1 BTU/h = 8.33333×10⁻⁵ tons
  • 1,000 BTU/h = 1 kBTU/h (kilobtu per hour)
  • 24,000 BTU/h = 2 tons (standard 2-bedroom AC unit)

Note: AC units are often rated by BTU/h (e.g., 1.5 ton = 18,000 BTU/h)

Ton of Refrigeration

A unit of cooling capacity that represents the amount of heat needed to melt 1 ton (2,000 pounds) of ice in 24 hours, equivalent to 12,000 BTU per hour.

Common Equivalents:

  • 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/h
  • 1 ton ≈ 3.517 kilowatts (kW) of cooling power
  • 0.5 ton = 6,000 BTU/h (small window AC)
  • 5 tons = 60,000 BTU/h (large commercial AC)
  • 1 ton = 200 BTU per minute

Note: Residential AC units typically range from 0.5 to 5 tons

Common HVAC Cooling Capacity Equivalents:

Tons BTU/h Kilowatts (kW) Typical Use Case
0.5 6,000 1.76 Small window AC (1 room)
1.0 12,000 3.52 Studio apartment AC
1.5 18,000 5.27 1-bedroom apartment AC
2.0 24,000 7.03 2-bedroom house AC
2.5 30,000 8.79 3-bedroom house AC
3.0 36,000 10.55 4-bedroom house AC
5.0 60,000 17.58 Large home / Small office

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about BTU, tons of refrigeration, and HVAC cooling capacity.

There are 12,000 BTU per hour (BTU/h) in one ton of air conditioning (refrigeration). This is a standard industry conversion that represents the cooling capacity needed to melt 1 ton (2,000 pounds) of ice over a 24-hour period. The relationship can be expressed in multiple ways:

1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h (British Thermal Units per hour)

1 BTU/h = 1/12000 Tons ≈ 8.33333×10⁻⁵ Tons

BTU to Tons: Tons = BTU/h ÷ 12,000

Tons to BTU: BTU/h = Tons × 12,000

This conversion is critical for sizing the correct AC unit for a home or commercial space to ensure efficient cooling.

The key difference lies in whether the measurement is a static amount of heat or a rate of heat transfer:

  • BTU (British Thermal Unit): A unit of energy (heat) that measures the total amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. It is a static measurement (no time component).
  • BTU/h (BTU per Hour): A unit of power (rate of heat transfer) that measures how much heat is transferred or removed per hour. This is the standard unit for AC cooling capacity.
  • HVAC Context: When shopping for AC units, the "BTU" rating almost always refers to BTU/h (e.g., a "18,000 BTU AC" means 18,000 BTU/h, which is 1.5 tons).
  • Conversion Note: BTU (total heat) = BTU/h (rate) × time (hours). For example, a 12,000 BTU/h (1 ton) AC running for 2 hours removes 24,000 BTU of heat.

This converter uses BTU/h (the industry standard for cooling capacity) for all conversions to tons.

Choosing the correct tonnage (BTU/h) depends on several factors related to your home's size and environment:

Key Sizing Factors
  • Home square footage (primary factor)
  • Ceiling height (higher = more volume to cool)
  • Insulation quality (better insulation = lower BTU need)
  • Number of windows (more windows = more heat gain)
  • Climate zone (hotter climates = higher BTU need)
  • Number of occupants (more people = more heat output)
General Square Footage Guide
  • 0.5 Ton (6k BTU): < 500 sq ft
  • 1 Ton (12k BTU): 500 - 700 sq ft
  • 1.5 Ton (18k BTU): 700 - 1,000 sq ft
  • 2 Ton (24k BTU): 1,000 - 1,300 sq ft
  • 2.5 Ton (30k BTU): 1,300 - 1,600 sq ft
  • 3 Ton (36k BTU): 1,600 - 1,900 sq ft

For accurate sizing, it's recommended to get a Manual J load calculation from a licensed HVAC contractor, which accounts for all specific factors of your home.

No, a higher tonnage AC than needed (oversizing) can be just as problematic as an undersized unit. Here's why:

  • Oversized AC Issues: Cycles on and off rapidly (short-cycling), which reduces humidity control (leaving air feeling muggy), wastes energy, increases wear and tear on the unit, and leads to uneven cooling.
  • Undersized AC Issues: Runs continuously without being able to cool the space adequately, especially during peak heat, leading to high energy bills and premature unit failure.
  • Optimal Sizing: A properly sized AC runs for 10-15 minutes per cycle, effectively cooling the space and removing excess humidity, which improves comfort and energy efficiency.
  • Efficiency Note: Properly sized units often have higher SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) ratings, which translate to lower monthly utility bills.

This converter helps you verify the correct tonnage for a given BTU rating to avoid sizing mistakes.

These units all measure cooling capacity or power, with standard conversion factors between them:

1 Ton = 12,000 BTU/h ≈ 3.517 Kilowatts (kW)

1 BTU/h ≈ 0.293 Watts (W) = 0.000293 kW

1 kW ≈ 3,412 BTU/h ≈ 0.284 Tons

  • Tons to kW: Multiply tonnage by 3.517 (e.g., 2 tons × 3.517 = 7.034 kW)
  • BTU/h to kW: Divide BTU/h by 3,412 (e.g., 18,000 BTU/h ÷ 3,412 ≈ 5.27 kW)
  • kW to Tons: Divide kW by 3.517 (e.g., 10 kW ÷ 3.517 ≈ 2.84 tons)

Kilowatts are the metric unit of power, while tons and BTU/h are US customary units commonly used in the HVAC industry in North America.

Conversion Table: BTU/h to Tons

Common HVAC cooling capacities for residential and commercial air conditioning systems.

BTU/h Tons Kilowatts (kW) Typical Application
6,000 0.5 1.76 Small window AC, portable AC
9,000 0.75 2.64 Medium window AC, small mini-split
12,000 1.0 3.52 Studio apartment, large window AC
18,000 1.5 5.27 1-bedroom apartment, small home
24,000 2.0 7.03 2-bedroom house, townhome
30,000 2.5 8.79 3-bedroom house, medium home
36,000 3.0 10.55 4-bedroom house, large home
42,000 3.5 12.31 5-bedroom house, small office
48,000 4.0 14.07 Large home, small commercial space
60,000 5.0 17.58 Large commercial space, retail store

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